The future of the Forex industry - page 144
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I wonder if in big politics, those who create an image of the enemy also come from the former Soviet Union? And they, too, get rid of their guilt and justify their own failures. Especially overseas.
P.S. The question is of course rhetorical and no answer is expected. But it is not necessary to turn to personalities. What's the last couple of days of communication you've had.That is because the cause and effect relationship is not quite correct.
The answer is no less rhetorical and therefore does not count as an answer to the question.
I think the mechanism of transfer/response formation is exactly the same everywhere.
Scale and place don't matter, but it's particularly large-scale especially when the infostars of the goskult are feeding these sentiments en masse.
This is all very important for trading in the context of global investment issues.
Cypraea moneta (kauri) shells were repeatedly found in the archaeological complexes of northwestern Russia in the XII-XIII centuries, including the Novgorod and Pskov excavations, as well as in earlier archaeological finds. In the funerary complexes of the Pskov land they occupy the place of kun coins; in some cases they have even been found as a kind of hoard. In northeastern Europe and in Rus some specimens were found even in the hoards of Kufic and Western European coins. These graceful small shells the size of a small plum have been transported over enormous distances from the islands of the Indian Ocean, where there are their deposits, to Africa, Asia, and Europe; the Antique world and the Northern Black Sea coast have known them for millennia. In Africa and Asia they are known to have been a means of payment for thousands of years. Archaeologists and ethnographers know them in Siberia and the middle and upper Volga region. In Russia, they retained their commodity value longest in the Siberian trade - until the early 19th century, but it is difficult to say how early Russian merchants took over the supply of the peoples of Siberia with this traditional commodity.
The Russian people knew these miniature shells well; otherwise, they would not have created so many regional names for them-uzhovka, zhukovina, zhernovok (millstones) and one of the most common-snake head. It is easy to note that all these names are figurative and identify the subject only associatively. There is reason to see the same figurative nature in the Old Russian terms of interest to us, which have reached us in Russian, Latin and French, and to raise a question about the payment role of kauri in the non-monetary circulation period of the northwest Russia.
Mr. Valeriy Yastremskiy, you publicly sat in a puddle... again...
Cool. Where is the logic? Found the shells and concluded that people traded with each other in the 7th century. Clark and his axe more often. Other than artifacts from before the 9th century, there's no data.
I wonder if, in big politics, those who create an image of the enemy also come from the former Soviet Union. And they, too, get rid of their guilt and justify their own failures. Especially overseas.
P.S. The question is of course rhetorical and no answer at all is expected. But it's not worth getting personal. What's the last couple of days of communication you've had.I am just saying that the cause-and-effect relationship is not quite correct.
As for personalities, there is no personalities.
There is only a continuous flow of dharmas.
The concept of Anatman, अनात्मन्, applies in this thread.
So there is no way to offend anyone anyway (since there are no personalities)
Sometimes some insufficiently enlightened adepts still cling to individual entities and shells and therefore get offended...
It is probably no surprise to anyone that the products of the marine industry have been objects of exchange or trade since ancient times. But interestingly enough, some marine animals have been used as real money. Mostly molluscs have been "lucky" to become money. At one time, shell money was exceptionally widespread, and its variety is not much inferior to metal money. Experts count up to 200 species of shellfish, whose shells served as money.
Probably the most common shell money was kauri. This Old Indian name unites two species of gastropod molluscs: Cipreja moneta and Cipreja annulus, which are very common in the Indian and Pacific oceans. Their small, tough, shiny shells are ideal for serving as change deposits. The Chinese were the first to use cowries as money three and a half thousand years ago. In time, kauri were superseded by copper coins in China, but they survived in Yunnan province until the late 19th century.
From China kauri spread to Korea, Japan, India, Thailand and the Philippine Islands. In India they came into use more than two thousand years ago; they reached their greatest spread in the IV-VI centuries and were in circulation till the mid XIX century. In Philippines they were superseded by copper coins by 1800.
Arab and then Venetian merchants brought cowries by caravan routes to a big African trade centre in Tombouctou on the Niger River, where the beautiful shells of the zither coin soon became a means of payment. The impetus for the rapid spread of kauri to Africa was the development of the slave trade in the early 16th century, when large numbers of slaves were urgently needed for the American sugar plantations. Portuguese, Dutch and English merchants bought kauri off the coast of India, transported them to Guinea, where they sold them for double or triple the price. With the proceeds, they bought slaves and transported them to America, where they made even greater profit.
In the mid-19th century, French and Hamburg merchants began to trade in Cipreya annulus shells in Guinea with great success. The kauri trade in Central and West Africa reached enormous proportions. According to the records in the merchants' trade books, no less than 75 billion shells, weighing a total of 115,000 tons, were imported into West Africa in the 19th century alone! The constant importation of 'currency' naturally devalued the once expensive shell money. Nevertheless, it was still in circulation in remote areas of the region for several decades.
It is interesting that shell money was not only an indigenous means of payment. Albeit in small quantities, cowries were used as money in Central Asia and even in Europe. In Azerbaijan, kauri were used as money until the 17th century. In Russia, during the XII-XIV centuries, in the so-called non-monetary period, kauri were money under the name of uzhovok, millstones, or snake heads. They are still found during excavations in Novgorod and Pskov lands in the form of hoards and in burials.
Mister Valeriy Yastremskiy, you should be ashamed, very ashamed.
Let us distinguish between intra-tribal, or inter-tribal trade, and intra-community trade. Inter-tribal trade came before intra-tribal trade. And legal relations arose within society before the advent of money.
You should be ashamed of yourselves))))).
China and the USSR's different legal systems have led to different economic states. Not the other way round. Everything has to be spelled out)
I do not really understand the Soviet and post-Soviet schools of economics. Leontiev is of course an advanced scientist, I agree.
Changes in the economic structure, development is not initially regulated, because it is not stable, and then stabilizing there are legal interrelations between the participants. But this is secondary. First, people just live, and someone obeys someone, and someone leads, I mean this right. Our school is a mess of concepts.
To consider the emergence of a right when it already exists... There are no words. The 9th century, the Russian truth. And what was there before the 9th century? There's no data. But that doesn't mean that there weren't stable communities with their own legal orders before the 9th century in Russia.
Don't forget that China went the way of reform.
Changing patterns cannot be regulated because no one knows how it will be.
Maybe we will soon be sitting in concrete and steel glass capsules and modulating profits with electrical signals... oh wait... oh... sh.... it's already here...
It's not scary!
It's the worst nightmare, because you'll have to go to a real fucking factory.
The main thing is to be a good person and all will be well)
Sometimes you get the impression that robots have already replaced the Dreamer. How else would one explain such a rObOutability to write comments on the forum. In the morning, afternoon and night, the 'Trance' robot and the 'Drimmer' robot are continuously writing in several threads without rest... Separately, these robots have been programmed to insert the word 'plant' after a few thousand characters. But sometimes something goes wrong and 'factory' appears more often, then the one nobody knows takes them to the factory to be repaired, the robots are flashed with new software, augmented with new knowledge bases obtained through the AI of the main factory robot, and then the robots start creating high value comments on the forum again. And so it goes on day after day!
...
Maybe we'll soon be sitting in concrete and steel glass capsules and modulating the profits with electrical signals... oh wait... oh... sh.... it's already here...
you've been around and you still haven't found a solution
It's a shame about you, really.
so many great and useful multicurrency turkeys, research
It's hard,no arguments.
you shot a good shot - it's all the fault of the cross,
but didn't find it, didn't understand the cause, didn't get to the point.....
plant of course
China and the USSR's different legal systems have led to different economic states. Not the other way round. Everything has to be spelled out)
I do not really understand the Soviet and post-Soviet schools of economics. Leontiev is of course an advanced scientist, I agree.
Changes in the economic structure, development is not initially regulated, because it is not stable, and then stabilizing there are legal interrelations between the participants. But this is secondary. First, people just live, and someone obeys someone, and someone leads, I mean this right. Our school is a mess of concepts.
To consider the emergence of a right when it already exists... There are no words. The 9th century, the Russian truth. And what was there before the 9th century? There's no data. But that doesn't mean that there were no stable communities with their own legal orders before the 9th century in Russia.
Here you go from the exact understanding of law as written down law to "legal order" and then move on to legal custom, which is what I wrote to you 😁
By doing so you have once again used your own argument against yourself 🤣
Read about the legal custom for starters... And how it differs from a legal monument/regulatory treaty.
And don't even try to fantasise that economics is later than law, not funny anymore!
Why such dogmatism? There are longer misconceptions. Besides, there is really only the acceptance and use of the theory for over 200 years, but this is not proof of Smith's theory.
The Brazilian tribes have not grown up. Are there tribes with monetary relations? There are examples other than seashells. Your Clark said if they dug up an axe, no need to build theories, it proves they knew how to make axes and could chop. Beads prove they could make them and wore them around their necks.
The Russian coinage system isn't about that at all. Interesting work, though.
You are dogmatist, venerable one; you do not quote anything well, you do not cite, and if you do, you cite doubtful sources like Graeber.
Much has already been written about kauri and it looks silly to try to deny them.
There are even known ways of further processing them.
Another type of shell money was the simbo, which was made from the shells of the mollusk Olivancillaria nana. These shells were shaped like rifle bullets, had narrow mouths, polished surface, and possessed great durability. Money was made by cleaning the shell, grinding the tip until it had a hole, and stringing it on. Simbo money was used in Africa in the area south of the kauri range, especially in the state of Congo. The money-making industry was under the control of the Congolese king himself. After he was deposed in 1619, the Portuguese took over the economy of the country. They flooded the country with fake symbos made from closely related shellfish species imported from other colonies in order to generate quick profits. As a result, the simbo quickly lost value and then disappeared from the market altogether.
The Papuans of New Guinea invented their own tambu shell 'currency', which is still in use today. This money is made from the shells of the clam arcularia callosa. The beautiful shells are cleaned, bleached, drilled, and strung on cords. In this form they are called tambu which means money or wealth in the Papuan language.
Another form of shell currency was also used in New Guinea - disk-shaped money, which was generally widespread in Oceania. Disco money was made from the shells of various gastropods and bivalves, but the most popular were those made from the outer shells of cone-shaped molluscs. Making such money required great skill, physical strength and patience. The sides of cone shells were broken off leaving the upper part shaped almost disc-shaped. This was ground to a final shape and a hole was drilled in the centre. The discs were threaded onto a piece of wood fibre. The disc bundles were polished with sand and water while making them the same size. The discs could be two to twenty millimetres in diameter and a tenth of a millimetre to three millimetres thick, depending on the raw material and degree of processing. Different kinds of cones produced money of different colours and shades, which also affected their value. To assess newly made discs, the places where they were produced had their own experts. Cone disc money was actively used by the people of Admiralty, Bismarck, Solomon, New Hebrides, New Guinea, Gilbert and other islands. The main 'mint' was on the Admiralty Islands. Money of special value was made there: it was distinguished by its delicate white colour, thorough processing and was especially graceful. Such money is still being made on those islands, though with modern technology, and it is now used as jewellery. Interestingly, independently of Oceania, cone money was made in two places in tropical Africa: on the island of Macias-Nguema-Biego and in Southern Angola.
On the islands of Oceania in the recent past, it was possible to find as coins the caps of gastropod mollusks trochus and murex, black money from pinnas, mother-of-pearl circles from pearl-bearing shells, money from tridacnae ten centimetres long and more than two centimetres thick. Many other examples can be given of the use of shells for money-making in this region.
The New Zealand aborigines made their money from the shells of the clam dentalium, which resemble long, sharp teeth, until the 1800s. The same shells were used as money by Native Americans along the Pacific coast of North America, from Vancouver to California. Strung on cords of eleven to fourteen pieces each, they were called kop kop and were used as a means of payment. Such "money" cords were usually placed in the grave with the dead.
And the Atlantic Coast Indians of North America made perhaps the most unique shell money. It was called wampum, which in the Algonquin language means "white beads. Wampum was made from several species of gastropods and bivalves, but the main one was the mercenary mollusk. Wampum beads were cylindrical, less often disc-shaped or spherical beads ranging in size from two to five millimetres. The value of beads depended on the peculiarities of the raw material, in particular colour. Beads of purple colour were especially valued. A bundle of 180 beads constituted a unit of exchange. But the most interesting thing is that together with money function, wampum was a way of transferring information, a kind of writing. By embroidering certain patterns of different colours on strips of leather, Indians could "write" a message of declaring war or making peace and keep a record of important events that occurred in the tribe. Wampum was even used as business documentation. A vampum receipt documenting that the tribe sold the island of Manhattan to one William Penn, who later became the name of the entire state of Pennsylvania, has been preserved. The role of the wampum in Indian life was exceptional: decoration, writing, money. Without one, an Indian could not even marry. But the wampum's fate is as sad as that of its inventors - it disappeared along with the Indians.